Training Language Models to Follow Instructions with Human Feedback Long Ouyang, Jeff Wu, Xu Jiang, Diogo Almeida, Carroll L. Wainwright, Pamela Mishkin, Chong Zhang, Sandhini Agarwal, Katarina Slama, Alex Ray, John Schulman, Jacob Hilton, Fraser Kelley, Emma Coleman, Brennan Zoph, Amanda Askell, Solal Picciotto, Ariel Herbert-Voss, Jeff Engstrom, Christopher Olah, Gretchen Krueger, Ryan Felsher, Timothy Telleen-Lawton, Tom Conerly, Tamera Lanham, Karina Nguyen, Todd Henighan, Saurav Kadavath, Nick Joseph, Tom Brown, Jack Clark, Dawn Song, Dario Amodei, Ilya Sutskever, Paul Christiano, Sam Altman 2022 Intermediate